Combining Vowels and Consonants. Hindi Matras (मात्राएँ) — Complete Explanation for Writing Practice

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Hindi uses स्वर (vowels) in two forms:

  1. Independent vowels — used when a word starts with a vowel

  2. Matras (vowel signs) — used when a vowel comes after a consonant

Below is a clean, printable-style explanation.

1. अ (No Matra)

  • Independent vowel: अ

  • Matra: None

  • Example: क + अ = क

  • Sound: “a” as in ago

2. आ की मात्रा (ा)

  • Independent vowel: आ

  • Matra: ा

  • Example: क + ा = का

  • Sound: “aa” as in car

Writing tip: The matra sits to the right of the consonant.

3. इ की मात्रा (ि)

  • Independent vowel: इ

  • Matra: ि

  • Example: क + ि = कि

  • Sound: “i” as in sit

Writing tip:

  • This is the only matra written before the consonant but pronounced after it.

4. ई की मात्रा (ी)

  • Independent vowel: ई

  • Matra: ी

  • Example: क + ी = की

  • Sound: “ee” as in see

Writing tip:

  • Written to the right, with a long vertical tail.

5. उ की मात्रा (ु)

  • Independent vowel: उ

  • Matra: ु

  • Example: क + ु = कु

  • Sound: “u” as in put

Writing tip:

  • Written below the consonant.

6. ऊ की मात्रा (ू)

  • Independent vowel: ऊ

  • Matra: ू

  • Example: क + ू = कू

  • Sound: “oo” as in food

Writing tip:

  • Also written below, but longer and curved.

7. ए की मात्रा (े)

  • Independent vowel: ए

  • Matra: े

  • Example: क + े = के

  • Sound: “e” as in cake

Writing tip:

  • Written above and to the right.

8. ऐ की मात्रा (ै)

  • Independent vowel: ऐ

  • Matra: ै

  • Example: क + ै = कै

  • Sound: “ai” as in air

Writing tip:

  • Similar to ए but with a curve.

9. ओ की मात्रा (ो)

  • Independent vowel: ओ

  • Matra: ो

  • Example: क + ो = को

  • Sound: “o” as in go

Writing tip:

  • Written above and to the right, with a small loop.

10. औ की मात्रा (ौ)

  • Independent vowel: औ

  • Matra: ौ

  • Example: क + ौ = कौ

  • Sound: “au” as in cow

Writing tip:

  • Similar to ओ but with an extra curve.

11. अं की मात्रा (ं)

  • Independent vowel: अं

  • Matra: ं (Anusvār)

  • Example: क + ं = कं

  • Sound: nasal “n” sound

Writing tip:

  • A dot above the letter.

12. अः की मात्रा (ः)

  • Independent vowel: अः

  • Matra: ः (Visarga)

  • Example: क + ः = कः

  • Sound: breathy “h” sound

Writing tip:

  • Two small dots to the right.

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